Averrhoa bilimbi (Belimbing Wuluh) Leaves Extract Evaluation as Anti-Cariogenic Mouthwash

Oktavia Dwi Nugraheni, Ayu Nala El Muna Haerussana

Abstract


The practice of using mouthwash has become increasingly common as people have become more aware of the importance of oral hygiene in preventing dental issues. In order to mitigate any potential risks associated with alcohol-based mouthwashes, researchers are exploring natural sources of anti-cariogenic compounds. This study aimed to assess the effectivity of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract as an ingredient in mouthwash formulations, as the use of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves is still limited. The evaluation of the mouthwash included a thorough examination of its antibacterial activity, viscosity, density, pH, and organoleptic qualities. The results indicated that formula with 30 grams extract (F3) was the most effective, exhibiting more robust antibacterial properties, appropriate viscosity and density, and a pH level similar to that of a solution. F3 resulted in an effectiveness of 41.67%, 1.36 cPs for viscosity, 1.0785 mg/l for density, pH of 5.25+0.006, organoleptically liquid, mint odor, and blackish brown clear color. Based on these findings, it appears that Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract could be a promising ingredient in mouthwash formulations.

Keywords


Antibacterial; Averrhoa bilimbi leaves extract; Mouthwash; Evaluation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdel-Raouf, N., Al-Enazi, N. M., Al-Homaidan, A. A., Ibraheem, I. B. M., Al-Othman, M. R., & Hatamleh, A. A. (2015). Antibacterial β-amyrin isolated from Laurencia microcladia. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.033

Ardini, D., & Mulatasih, R. (2020). Streptococcus Mutans Antibacterial Study: Mouthwash Preparations Formulation Using Cinnamon and Betel Leaf Essential Oils (Cinnamomum burmannii) (Piper betle L). International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Special Edition (Safe Communities). www.ijicc.net

Auw, L., Subehan, Sukrasno, Kadota, S., & Tezuka, Y. (2015). Constituents of Indonesian Medicinal Plant Averrhoa bilimbi and Their Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 Inhibitory Activities. Natural Product Communications, 10(1), 57–62.

Banavar Ravi, S., Nirupad, S., Chippagiri, P., & Pandurangappa, R. (2017). Antibacterial Effects of Natural Herbal Extracts on Streptococcus mutans: Can They Be Potential Additives in Dentifrices? International Journal of Dentistry, 2017 (Article ID 4921614). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4921614

Basir, N., Farid, N., Sadsyam, S., Utari, A. U., & Rahayu, A. B. U. (2023). Development and Physical Stability Test of Salak Fruit Peel Extract Mouthwash as a Plaque Preventative. Journal of Health Sciences and Medical Development, 2(02), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.56741/hesmed.v2i02.262

Chismirina, S., Andayani, R., & Sungkar, S. (2020). The Antibacterial Effects of Syzygium cumini Fruit Mouthwash Against Streptococcus mutans as an Agent of Dental Caries. Proceeding Book of the 3rd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research, 03(1), 31–37.

Ferraz-Filha, Z. S., Michel Araújo, M. C. de P., Ferrari, F. C., Dutra, I. P. A. R., & Saúde-Guimarães, D. A. (2016). Tabebuia roseoalba: In Vivo Hypouricemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Its Ethanolic Extract and Constituents. Planta Medica, 82(16), 1395–1402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-105878

Gunawan, Cordero, A., & Paano, A. (2013, March). Structure elucidation of two new phytol derivatives, a new phenolic compound and other metabolites of Averrhoa bilimbi. Research Congress 2013 De La Salle University Manila.

Ifmaily, & Fitriani, P. R. (2020). The Antibacterial Mouthwash of Tapak Liman Leaves Extract (Elephanthopus scaber L) Against Streptococcus mutans. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 01(02), 86–91. http://jurnalmedikahutama.com

Imran, H., Kurniawati, N., Amiruddin, A., Nurdin, N., Wirza, W., & Wilis, R. (2022). The Effectiveness of Vegetable Starfruit Juice (Averrhoa bilimbi) and Rosella Tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) Against the Inhibition of Dental Plaque Formation. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(G), 599–602. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8787

Ismail, S., Marliana, E., & Kosala, K. (2019). Effect of pH increasing of Wuluh star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) juice on vasodilatation activity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1277(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1277/1/012017

Lakmal, K., Yasawardene, P., Jayarajah, U., & Seneviratne, S. L. (2021). Nutritional and medicinal properties of Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola): A review. Food Science and Nutrition, 9(3), 1810–1823. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2135

Leliqia, N. P. E., & Safitri, I. (2021). A review of phytochemical properties, antibacterial activity, and toxicity study of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves and fruit. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application, 3(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2021.v03.i01.p04

Macfarlane, T. V., Kawecki, M. M., Cunningham, C., Bovaird, I., Morgan, R., Rhodes, K., & Watkins, R. (2010). Mouthwash Use in General Population: Results from Adult Dental Health Survey in Grampian, Scotland. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Research, 1(4), e2. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2010.1301

Nurmalasari, D. L., Damiyanti, M., & Eriwati, Y. K. (2018). Effect of cinnamon extract solution on human tooth enamel surface roughness. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1073, 1073(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/3/032022

Ponce, A. G., Fritz, R., Del Valle, C., & Roura, S. I. (2003). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils on The Native Microflora of Organic Swiss Chard. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 36(7), 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4

Radzki, D., Wilhelm-Węglarz, M., Pruska, K., Kusiak, A., & Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, I. (2022). A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It for? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073926

Rahimulinsan, R., Faridah, A., Yulastri, A., & Holinesti, R. (2018). Using Belimbing Wuluh (Averhoa blimbi L.) as a Functional Food Processing Product. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Culinary, Fashion, Beauty, and Tourism, 177–187. http://bibitbunga.com

Rahman, S., & Ariastuti, R. (2021). Formulation of Mouthwash Preparations Ethanol Extract of Coffee Beans Roasted Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Effectiveness Test on Bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine |, 4(1), 53–65. http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/jnhm

Rajendiran, M., Trivedi, H. M., Chen, D., Gajendrareddy, P., & Chen, L. (2021). Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases. Molecules, 26(2001). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules

Renuka, S., & Muralidharan, N. P. (2017). Comparison in benefits of herbal mouthwashes with chlorhexidine mouthwash: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(2), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.13304

Rozi, F., Silvy, D., & Syukri, D. (2022). Characterization of Herbal Tea Bags Made from Starfruit Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi), Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella asiatica) and Cinnamon Powder (Cinnamomun burmanii) as Functioal drinks. Andalasian International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences (AIJANS), 3(01), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.25077/aijans.v3.i01.47-54.2022

Saputera, D., Zufira, I., & Yulia Budiarti, L. (2018). Inhibition Activity of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) Leaf Extract to Streptococcus mutans on Acrylic Plate. Dentino (Jur. Ked. Gigi), III(1), 10–14.

Sharma, A., Agarwal, N., Anand, A., & Jabin, Z. (2018). To compare the effectiveness of different mouthrinses on Streptococcus mutans count in caries active children. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 8(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.05.002

Sulasmi, E. S., Indriwati, S. E., & Suarsini, E. (2016). Preparation of Various Type of Medicinal Plants Simplicia as Material of Jamu Herbal. International Conference on Education, Education in the 21th Century: Responding to Current Issues, 1014–1024.

Tadin, A., Guberina, R. P., Domazet, J., & Gavic, L. (2022). Oral Hygiene Practices and Oral Health Knowledge among Students in Split, Croatia. Healthcare (Switzerland), 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020406

Ustrell-Borràs, M., Traboulsi-Garet, B., & Gay-Escoda, C. (2020). Alcohol-based mouthwash as a risk factor of oral cancer: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 25(1), e1–e12. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.23085

Utamaningyas, A., Pramesti, H., & Balafif, F. (2022). The Streptococcus mutans ability to survive in biofilms and during dental caries formation: scoping review. JDS, 7(2), 150–158.

Wang, S., Yao, J., Zhou, B., Yang, J., Chaudry, M. T., Wang, M., Xiao, F., Li, Y., & Yin, W. (2018). Bacteriostatic Effect of Quercetin as An Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro. Journal of Food Protection, 81(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-214

Werner, C. W. D. A., & Seymour, R. A. (2009). Are alcohol containing mouthwashes safe? British Dental Journal, 207(E19). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.1014

Widhianto, E. K., Elmarda, R. V., & Rakhmawatie, M. D. (2017). Effectivity in vitro of Averrhoa bilimbi L ethanolic extract againts Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, Sains Dan Teknologi, 140–148. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/psn12012010/article/viewFile/2822/2734

Yelfi, Y., Susilo, H., & Kurnia, N. M. (2022). Mouthwash of Amaranthus hybridus L. left extract with ethyl acetate as a Streptococcus mutans antibacterial. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa, 5(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v5i1.8379

Yousefimanesh, H., Amin, M., Robati, M., Goodarzi, H., & Otoufi, M. (2015). Comparison of the Antibacterial Properties of Three Mouthwashes Containing Chlorhexidine Against Oral Microbial Plaques: An in vitro Study. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.17341

Yuvanatemiya, V., Srean, P., Klangbud, W. K., Venkatachalam, K., Wongsa, J., Parametthanuwat, T., & Charoenphun, N. (2022). A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps. Molecules. 27(8775) (https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248775

Zhang, Q. W., Lin, L. G., & Ye, W. C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine (United Kingdom), 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v13i1.10750

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 173
Download PDF : 110

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Riset Kesehatan

INDEXING

Logo Google Schoolar
Logo Sinta
Logo DOAJ
Logo Crossref
Logo Garuda
Logo Dimensions
RECOMMENDED TOOLS
Turnitin Logo
EndNote Logo
Mendeley Logo
Keep in touch with us!
Get notified
Logo Poltekkes Semarang Logo JRK
JURNAL
RISET
KESEHATAN

Mailing Address:

Jalan Tirto Agung, Pedalangan, Kec. Banyumanik, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah - 50268, Indonesia

+62 899 1011 178
jrk@poltekkes-smg.ac.id

Commitment to quality

Double-blind peer review. Immediate open access. Authors retain copyright. No author fees. Published biannually.

ISSN 2252-5068 (Printed) ISSN 2461-1026 (Online)
 
CC Brands CC BY Brands CC SA Brands

Journal Riset Kesehatan (JRK), its website, and the articles published therein are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

WGA