Analisa Risiko Pajanan Okupasional Partikulat Dalam Ruang Bahan Bangunan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v45i2.15146Kata Kunci:
Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan, Kualitas Udara dalam Ruang, PM10, Toko Bahan Bangunan, Keluhan PernapasanAbstrak
Aktivitas bongkar muat di toko bahan bangunan menghasilkan emisi debu partikulat kasar (PM10) tersuspensi yang berisiko memicu gangguan pernapasan pekerja akibat minimnya sistem sirkulasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi konsentrasi PM10, mengestimasi tingkat risiko kesehatan lingkungan (Risk Quotient/RQ), serta menganalisis hubungannya secara kuantitatif dengan tingkat keparahan keluhan pernapasan pekerja di Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional dan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) ini melibatkan 15 pekerja melalui teknik total sampling. Pengukuran konsentrasi PM10 dilakukan menggunakan Portable Dust Monitor di tiga zona kerja: Gudang Semen, Area Etalase, dan Gudang Material Campuran. Analisis bivariat data menggunakan Fisher's Exact Test dan korelasi Spearman Rank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan disparitas konsentrasi ekstrem di mana Gudang Semen (177,79 µg/m³) secara signifikan melampaui Nilai Ambang Batas harian 70 µg/m³ akibat efek pollutant trap, jauh melampaui Area Etalase (11,43 µg/m³) dan Gudang Campuran (11,61 µg/m³). Prevalensi keluhan pernapasan sangat tinggi mencapai 93,3% (didominasi bersin-bersin 60%). Fisher's Exact Test menunjukkan tidak adanya asosiasi kategorikal status risiko dengan kejadian keluhan (p=1,000) akibat tingginya prevalensi dasar di semua zona. Namun, uji Spearman Rank membuktikan korelasi positif yang kuat dan signifikan antara konsentrasi PM10 secara langsung dengan tingkat keparahan keluhan pernapasan (r=0,640; p=0,010). Disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan partikulat memicu iritasi mukosa awal secara massal, tetapi derajat keparahan gangguan klinis bersifat dose-dependent yang ditentukan oleh besaran konsentrasi. Tingginya keparahan keluhan di area jebakan polutan menuntut penerapan intervensi rekayasa teknik berupa ventilasi isap lokal (Local Exhaust Ventilation) secara mutlak guna menekan konsentrasi PM10 dan mencegah penurunan fungsi pernapasan.
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