Penilaian Risiko Kesehatan Pajanan Mikroplastik Polyethylene Terephthalate Pada Air Minum Isi Ulang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v44i2.13001Kata Kunci:
Mikroplastik, Polyetilen Terephtalate, Risiko Kesehatan, Air Minum Isi UlangAbstrak
Latar Belakang: Pencemaran mikroplastik memiliki keberadaan yang luas di lingkungan sekitar. Mikroplastik dapat ditemukan di laut, air limbah, air tawar, makanan, udara, sumber air hingga air minum isi ulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bahaya akibat pajanan mikroplastik polietilen tereftalat pada air isi ulang sehingga dapat menentukan langkah manajemen risiko.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Tamangapa, Kota Makassar, Indonesia. Sebanyak 100 responden dilibatkan. Selain itu, 20 sampel air minum isi ulang diperiksa di laboratorium menggunakan uji Fourier Transform Infrared. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai intake dan risk quotient. Jika risk quotient > 1, maka perlu dilakukan manajemen risiko.
Hasil: Rata-rata konsentrasi mikroplastik polyetilene terephtalate sebesar 0,0052 miligram per kilogram per hari, rata-rata laju intake sebesar 210 miligram per kilogram per hari, rata-rata frekuensi pajanan selama 350 tahun, rata-rata durasi pajanan selama 30 tahun, rata-rata pajanan intake terhadap mikroplastik polyetilene terephtalate > 0,0004, dan rata-rata tingkat risiko risk quotient > 1.
Kesimpulan: Adanya resiko kesehatan akibat pajanan mikroplastik polietilen tereftalat pada air isi ulang, sehingga perlu langkah manajemen risiko yang dapat dilakukan apabila pola dan waktu konsumsi tidak dapat diubah yakni mengurangi konsentrasi agen risiko, waktu konsumsi, dan waktu kontak terhadap pajanan.Referensi
Abdulmalik A, Mansurat G. Presence and characterization of microplastics in drinking (tap/bottled) water and soft drinks [Master’s thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2019.
McCormick A, Hoellein TJ, Mason SA, Schluep J, Kelly JJ. Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(20):11863–71. doi:10.1021/es503610r.
Amobonye A, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Plastic biodegradation: Frontline microbes and their enzymes. Sci Total Environ. 2021;759:143536. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2.
Amrutha K, Warrier AK. The first report on the source-to-sink characterization of microplastic pollution from a riverine environment in tropical India. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739:140377. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140377.
Ayuningtyas WC. Kelimpahan mikroplastik pada perairan di Banyu Urip, Gresik, Jawa Timur. J Fish Mar Res. 2019;3(1):41–5. doi:10.21776/ub.jfmr.2019.003.01.5.
A’yun NQ. Analisis mikroplastik menggunakan FT-IR pada air, sedimen, dan ikan belanak (Mugil cephalus) di Sungai Bengawan Solo yang melintasi Kabupaten Gresik [Skripsi]. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya; 2019.
Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF. A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1212. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041212.
Chaudhari S, Samnani P. Determination of microplastics in pond water. Mater Today Proc. 2022;77(3):1000–5. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.141.
Chen G, Fu Z, Yang H, Wang J. An overview of analytical methods for detecting microplastics in the atmosphere. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2020;130:115981. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.115981.
Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf HU, Fürst P. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Res. 2018;129:154–62. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011.
Corami F, Rosso B, Bravo B, Gambaro A, Barbante C. Development and optimization of different extraction techniques for the analysis of microplastics in estuarine and coastal sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2020;412:3665–75. doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02669-0.
Crawford CB, Quinn B. Microplastic Pollutants. In: Microplastic Pollutants. Elsevier; 2017. p. 1–17. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809406-8.00001-9.
Efome JE, Rana D, Matsuura T, Lan CQ. Experimental determination of the effectiveness of electrospun nanofiber membranes for microplastic removal from drinking water. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2018;4(12):2070–9. doi:10.1039/C8EW00623J.
Ekanayake DI, Pathiratne A, Vithanage M. A study of microplastics in municipal solid waste in Sri Lanka. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag. 2020;14:100356. doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100356.
Eslami A, Mortazavi SM, Zare F, Salavati H. A review on microplastics: Properties, detection, and applications. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag. 2021;16:100547. doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100547.
European Chemicals Agency. Annex XV Restriction Report: Proposal for a restriction. 2019. Available from: https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/3e7f0e95-189d-72b7-79ed-f347d4bcaec1.
Fackelmann G, Sommer S. Microplastics and the gut microbiome: How chronically exposed species may suffer from gut dysbiosis. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;143:193–203. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.030.
GESAMP. Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: A global assessment. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 90. 2015. Available from: http://www.gesamp.org/publications/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment.
Guo X, Wang J. The chemical behaviors of microplastics in marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;142:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.019.
Hanif R. Mikroplastik sebagai emerging pollutant dalam sistem akuifer dan implikasinya terhadap kualitas air tanah. J Geol Lingkungan. 2019;20(2):123–34. doi:10.5614/j.geologi.lingkungan.2019.20.2.2.
Hartmann NB, Hüffer T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, et al. Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53(3):1039–47. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05297.
Hidayaturrahman H, Lee TH. A study on characteristics of microplastic in wastewater of South Korea: Identification, quantification, and fate of microplastics during treatment process. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;146:696–702. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.071.
Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ. 2017;586:127–41. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190.
Ivanova V, Stojanovic D, Arsic M, Pavlovic S, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Radulovic M, et al. Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution: The environmental and health hazard. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol. 2021;72(3):190–9. doi:10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3532.
Jahan S, Strezov V. An assessment of advances in analytical tools for determining microplastics in the environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018;109:173–9. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.010.
Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science. 2015;347(6223):768–71. doi:10.1126/science.1260352.
Kurniawan SB, Lo W, Tran NH, Othman MHD, Sher F. Removal of microplastics from water and wastewater by membrane technology: A review. J Hazard Mater. 2022;429:128291. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128291.
Lestari PU, Trihadiningrum Y. The impact of improper solid waste management to plastic pollution in Indonesian coast and marine ecosystem. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;149:110505. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110505.
Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen JP. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res. 2018;137:362–74. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056.
Mintenig SM, Int-Veen I, Löder MGJ, Primpke S, Gerdts G. Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging. Water Res. 2017;108:365–72. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.015.
Mohamed Nor NH, Kooi M, Diepens NJ, Koelmans AA. Lifetime accumulation of microplastic in children and adults. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(8):5084–96. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c07384.
Pirc U, Vidmar M, Mozer A, Kržan A. Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber fleece during domestic washing. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016;23:22206–11. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7703-0.
Praveena SM, Shaifuddin SNM, Akizuki S. Exploration of microplastics from personal care and cosmetic products and its estimated emissions to marine environment: An evidence from Malaysia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2018;136:135–40. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.005.
Primpke S, Lorenz C, Rascher-Friesenhausen R, Gerdts G. An automated approach for microplastics analysis using focal plane array (FPA) FTIR microscopy and image analysis. Anal Methods. 2017;9(9):1499–511. doi:10.1039/C6AY02476A.
Renner G, Nellessen A, Schwiers A, Wenzel A. Quantification and characterization of microplastics in water and sediment of a German freshwater reservoir. Environ Sci Eur. 2018;30:26. doi:10.1186/s12302-018-0150-7.
Rist S, Carney Almroth B, Hartmann NB, Karlsson TM. A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2018;626:720–6. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.092.
Rochman CM, Brookson C, Bikker J, Djuric N, Earn A, Bucci K, et al. Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2019;38(4):703–11. doi:10.1002/etc.4371.
Sharma S, Chatterjee S. Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: A short review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017;24:21530–47. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9910-8.
Trestrail C, Aston D, Tregidgo D, Ashcroft F. From sources to sinks: A review of the fate, occurrence, and effects of microplastics in freshwater systems. Environ Pollut. 2020;259:113038. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113038.
UNEP. Valuing plastics: The business case for measuring, managing and disclosing plastic use in the consumer goods industry. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme; 2014.
van Sebille E, Wilcox C, Lebreton L, Maximenko N, Hardesty BD, van Franeker JA, et al. A global inventory of small floating plastic debris. Environ Res Lett. 2015;10(12):124006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006.
Wright SL, Kelly FJ. Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(12):6634–47. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00423.
Wu P, Huang J, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He F, et al. Environmental occurrences, fate, and impacts of microplastics. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019;184:109612. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109612.
Yurtsever M. Microplastic pollution in wastewater: Sources, occurrences, and removal techniques. In: Tussupova K, Rakib MA, Rahman MA, editors. Water Pollution and Remediation: Organic Pollutants. Springer; 2021. p. 197–220. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91713-8_9.
Ziajahromi S, Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: Review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms. Water Sci Technol. 2016;74(10):2253–69. doi:10.2166/wst.2016.414.
